![(S)-Ketorolac [(-)-Ketorolac)]](/upload/1124/V29717.png)
| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
(S)-Ketorolac targets cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2, which are key enzymes in the prostaglandin synthesis pathway. By inhibiting COX enzymes, the compound reduces the production of prostaglandins, which are mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever. The S-enantiomer is the pharmacologically active form of ketorolac and is more potent than the R-enantiomer. The compound's analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects are primarily mediated through COX-2 inhibition, while COX-1 inhibition contributes to its gastrointestinal and renal side effects.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated that (S)-Ketorolac is a potent inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, with the S-enantiomer being more active than the R-enantiomer. The compound inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in various in vitro systems, including isolated enzyme preparations and cell-based assays. The S-enantiomer's potency and selectivity for COX enzymes have been characterized in structure-activity relationship studies. These in vitro activities form the basis for the compound's analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies have demonstrated that (S)-Ketorolac is effective in reducing pain and inflammation in various animal models and clinical settings. The compound is used for the short-term management of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain, musculoskeletal pain, and renal colic. Ketorolac is available in oral, intravenous, and intramuscular formulations. The S-enantiomer is responsible for the therapeutic effects of ketorolac, while the R-enantiomer has little or no analgesic activity.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro COX inhibition assay for (S)-Ketorolac typically involves measuring the inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity using purified enzyme preparations or cell-based assays. In these assays, the compound is incubated with the enzyme and a substrate, and the production of prostaglandins is measured. The IC50 values for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition are calculated from dose-response curves. These assays are standard for characterizing the activity of NSAIDs.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for (S)-Ketorolac are conducted using various cell types, including macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells that produce prostaglandins. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of the compound and stimulated with inflammatory agents such as LPS. Prostaglandin production is measured using ELISA or other immunoassays. The compound's ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis is assessed by comparing prostaglandin levels in treated and untreated cells. These cell-based assays confirm the compound's anti-inflammatory activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for (S)-Ketorolac are conducted in rodent models of pain and inflammation. The compound is administered orally or by injection, and its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects are assessed using standard models such as the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, the formalin test, and the hot plate test. The compound's effects on prostaglandin levels in tissues are also measured. These studies confirm the compound's in vivo efficacy and support its clinical use as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(S)-Ketorolac has a molecular weight of approximately 255.27 and a molecular formula of C15H13NO3. The compound is administered orally, intravenously, or intramuscularly. Ketorolac is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with a bioavailability of approximately 80-100%. The time to peak plasma concentration is about 30-60 minutes after oral dosing. The compound is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in urine. The elimination half-life is approximately 4-6 hours. Ketorolac is highly protein-bound (>99%) and has a volume of distribution of approximately 0.2-0.3 L/kg.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The most common adverse effects of Ketorolac include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, dyspepsia, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The compound can also cause renal impairment, especially in patients with pre-existing renal disease or volume depletion. Ketorolac is contraindicated in patients with active peptic ulcer disease, recent gastrointestinal bleeding, or hypersensitivity to NSAIDs. The compound should be used with caution in elderly patients and those with cardiovascular risk factors. Ketorolac is approved for short-term use only (up to 5 days) due to the risk of adverse effects.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(S)-Ketororic acid is a 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-1-carboxylic acid with an S configuration. (S)-Ketororic acid is a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor, and both enantiomers have analgesic effects. Racemic ketororic acid (abbreviated as ketororic acid) is mainly used in the form of tromethamine salt and is a potent analgesic used for short-term relief of postoperative pain. It can also be used in eye drops to relieve itchy eyes caused by seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It has analgesic, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) effects. It is the enantiomer of (R)-ketororic acid.
(S)-Ketorolac [(-)-Ketorolac] (CAS#: 66635-92-5) is the active enantiomer of ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the short-term management of moderate to severe pain. It has a molecular formula of C15H13NO3 and a molecular weight of approximately 255.27. The compound inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production and providing analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. (S)-Ketorolac is available by prescription only and is indicated for postoperative pain, musculoskeletal pain, and renal colic. The compound should be used for short-term treatment only due to the risk of gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H13NO3
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| Molecular Weight |
255.26862
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| Exact Mass |
255.089
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| CAS # |
66635-92-5
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| Related CAS # |
Ketorolac tromethamine salt;74103-07-4;Ketorolac;74103-06-3;(R)-Ketorolac;66635-93-6;Ketorolac hemicalcium;167105-81-9
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| PubChem CID |
181817
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
493.2±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
160-167?C
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| Flash Point |
252.1±27.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.659
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| LogP |
2.08
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
376
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1CN2C(=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)[C@H]1C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
OZWKMVRBQXNZKK-NSHDSACASA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H13NO3/c17-14(10-4-2-1-3-5-10)13-7-6-12-11(15(18)19)8-9-16(12)13/h1-7,11H,8-9H2,(H,18,19)/t11-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(1S)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~200 mg/mL (~783.48 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9174 mL | 19.5871 mL | 39.1742 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7835 mL | 3.9174 mL | 7.8348 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3917 mL | 1.9587 mL | 3.9174 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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